Showing posts with label Culture. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Culture. Show all posts

Saturday, December 12, 2009

Chinese Lunar Calendar: The Characteristics

The Chinese lunar calendar has the following characteristics:

1)  The lunar calendar month is based on the cycle of the moon around the earth.  Since the length of the synodic cycle is 29.53 days, each lunar calendar month alternately has either 29 or 30 days.

2)  Since every solar year has 12 lunatic cycles, every lunar year has (29.53 * 12 =) 354.37 days.  So, a lunar year is about 11 days shorter than a solar year.

3)  The Chinese lunar calendar is not a "pure" lunar calendar (which would have exactly 12 lunar months in a year):  In addition to taking into account the cycles of the moon around the earth, it also synchronizes with the solar year, ie, the new year starts on the second new moon after the winter solstice.  Since every solar year has 365.24 days, every lunar year has (365.24 / 29.53 =) 12.369 months.  To synchronize with the solar cycle, the Chinese lunar year has one "leap" month added to the year every 2-3 years.  (Hence, this calendar system is actually lunisolar.)  So, the Chinese calendar month is lunar, whereas the Chinese calendar year is solar.

4)  The first day of the Chinese lunar month is always the day of the new moon.

5)  All calculations involving the Chinese calendar must be based on longitude 120 east, which corresponds to the east coast of China.

Chinese Lunar Calendar: The Naming of the Year and the Conversion from Gregorian Year

The Naming of the Chinese Calendar Year:

Each Chinese lunar year is named based on this system:  a combination of one of 10 celestial stems and one of 12 animals.

The 10 celestial stems are:

1) Giáp 甲
2) Ất 乙
3) Bính 丙
4) Đinh 丁
5) Mậu 戊
6) Kỷ 己
7) Canh 庚
8) Tân 辛
9) Nhâm 壬
10) Quý 癸

The 12 animals are:

1) Tý 子 (Rat)
2) Sửu 丑 (Ox)
3) Dần 寅 (Tiger)
4) Mẹo 卯 (Rabbit, Vietnam: Cat)
5) Thìn 辰 (Dragon)
6) Tỵ 巳 (Snake)
7) Ngọ 午 (Horse)
8) Mùi 未 (Ram)
9) Thân 申 (Monkey)
10) Dậu 酉 (Rooster)
11) Tuất 戌 (Dog)
12) Hợi 亥 (Boar)

Thus, when combined together, the names go:  Giáp Tý, Ất Sửu, Bính Dần, etc.  Since there are 10 stems and 12 animals, there are a total of 60 combinations of possible names.  Therefore, in the Chinese way of naming the calendar years, the names repeat every 60 years.  This can be confusing, for example:  "John was born on the year Nhâm Tuất" which could mean 1862 or 1922 or 1982.


The Conversion from Gregorian Year to Chinese Calendar Year Name:

To convert from Gregorian year to Chinese calendar name, use the following table and the following calculation:

Naming the Chinese Lunar Year

* First, find [Year mod 60], which means finding the remainder of the division of Year and 60.  For example, 2010 / 60 = 33, remainder = 30.
* Look up the remainder in the table.  That yields the name of the year.  For example, looking up 30 in the table, year 2010 is Canh Dần, the year of the Tiger.

Chinese Lunar Calendar: The Calculation of the New Year's Date

What day does a Chinese lunar calendar new year's date fall on?  The answer can be quite complex.

Here are a few rules of thumb:

1) All calculations must be based on longitude 120d east, which corresponds to the east coast of China.

2) The new year's date falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice (which occurs around December 22nd).

3) The new year's date falls between January 21st and February 21st.

4) The new year's date falls on the new moon that is closest to the start of spring (Lập Xuân, 立春, which occurs around February 4th).

Rules 2-4 may fail once in a while.  However, taken all together, we will arrive at the Chinese new year's date.

Chinese Lunar Calendar: New Year's Dates and Year Names from 1901 to 2050


19-Feb-1901
8-Feb-1902
29-Jan-1903
16-Feb-1904
4-Feb-1905
25-Jan-1906
13-Feb-1907
2-Feb-1908
22-Jan-1909
10-Feb-1910
30-Jan-1911
18-Feb-1912
6-Feb-1913
26-Jan-1914
14-Feb-1915
3-Feb-1916
23-Jan-1917
11-Feb-1918
1-Feb-1919
20-Feb-1920
8-Feb-1921
28-Jan-1922
16-Feb-1923
5-Feb-1924
24-Jan-1925
13-Feb-1926
2-Feb-1927
23-Jan-1928
10-Feb-1929
30-Jan-1930
17-Feb-1931
6-Feb-1932
26-Jan-1933
14-Feb-1934
4-Feb-1935
24-Jan-1936
11-Feb-1937
31-Jan-1938
19-Feb-1939
8-Feb-1940
27-Jan-1941
15-Feb-1942
5-Feb-1943
25-Jan-1944
13-Feb-1945
2-Feb-1946
22-Jan-1947
10-Feb-1948
29-Jan-1949
17-Feb-1950
6-Feb-1951
27-Jan-1952
14-Feb-1953
3-Feb-1954
24-Jan-1955
12-Feb-1956
31-Jan-1957
18-Feb-1958
8-Feb-1959
28-Jan-1960
15-Feb-1961
5-Feb-1962
25-Jan-1963
13-Feb-1964
2-Feb-1965
21-Jan-1966
9-Feb-1967
30-Jan-1968
17-Feb-1969
6-Feb-1970
27-Jan-1971
15-Feb-1972
3-Feb-1973
23-Jan-1974
11-Feb-1975
31-Jan-1976
18-Feb-1977
7-Feb-1978
28-Jan-1979
16-Feb-1980
5-Feb-1981
25-Jan-1982
13-Feb-1983
2-Feb-1984
20-Feb-1985
9-Feb-1986
29-Jan-1987
17-Feb-1988
6-Feb-1989
27-Jan-1990
15-Feb-1991
4-Feb-1992
23-Jan-1993
10-Feb-1994
31-Jan-1995
19-Feb-1996
7-Feb-1997
28-Jan-1998
16-Feb-1999
5-Feb-2000
24-Jan-2001
12-Feb-2002
1-Feb-2003
22-Jan-2004
9-Feb-2005
29-Jan-2006
18-Feb-2007
7-Feb-2008
26-Jan-2009
14-Feb-2010
3-Feb-2011
23-Jan-2012
10-Feb-2013
31-Jan-2014
19-Feb-2015
8-Feb-2016
28-Jan-2017
16-Feb-2018
5-Feb-2019
25-Jan-2020
12-Feb-2021
1-Feb-2022
22-Jan-2023
10-Feb-2024
29-Jan-2025
17-Feb-2026
6-Feb-2027
26-Jan-2028
13-Feb-2029
3-Feb-2030
23-Jan-2031
11-Feb-2032
31-Jan-2033
19-Feb-2034
8-Feb-2035
28-Jan-2036
15-Feb-2037
4-Feb-2038
24-Jan-2039
12-Feb-2040
1-Feb-2041
22-Jan-2042
10-Feb-2043
30-Jan-2044
17-Feb-2045
6-Feb-2046
26-Jan-2047
14-Feb-2048
2-Feb-2049
23-Jan-2050
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Tân Sửu
Nhâm Dần
Quý Mẹo
Giáp Thìn
Ất Tỵ
Bính Ngọ
Đinh Mùi
Mậu Thân
Kỷ Dậu
Canh Tuất
Tân Hợi
Nhâm Tý
Quý Sửu
Giáp Dần
Ất Mẹo
Bính Thìn
Đinh Tỵ
Mậu Ngọ
Kỷ Mùi
Canh Thân
Tân Dậu
Nhâm Tuất
Quý Hợi
Giáp Tý
Ất Sửu
Bính Dần
Đinh Mẹo
Mậu Thìn
Kỷ Tỵ
Canh Ngọ
Tân Mùi
Nhâm Thân
Quý Dậu
Giáp Tuất
Ất Hợi
Bính Tý
Đinh Sửu
Mậu Dần
Kỷ Mẹo
Canh Thìn
Tân Tỵ
Nhâm Ngọ
Quý Mùi
Giáp Thân
Ất Dậu
Bính Tuất
Đinh Hợi
Mậu Tý
Kỷ Sửu
Canh Dần
Tân Mẹo
Nhâm Thìn
Quý Tỵ
Giáp Ngọ
Ất Mùi
Bính Thân
Đinh Dậu
Mậu Tuất
Kỷ Hợi
Canh Tý
Tân Sửu
Nhâm Dần
Quý Mẹo
Giáp Thìn
Ất Tỵ
Bính Ngọ
Đinh Mùi
Mậu Thân
Kỷ Dậu
Canh Tuất
Tân Hợi
Nhâm Tý
Quý Sửu
Giáp Dần
Ất Mẹo
Bính Thìn
Đinh Tỵ
Mậu Ngọ
Kỷ Mùi
Canh Thân
Tân Dậu
Nhâm Tuất
Quý Hợi
Giáp Tý
Ất Sửu
Bính Dần
Đinh Mẹo
Mậu Thìn
Kỷ Tỵ
Canh Ngọ
Tân Mùi
Nhâm Thân
Quý Dậu
Giáp Tuất
Ất Hợi
Bính Tý
Đinh Sửu
Mậu Dần
Kỷ Mẹo
Canh Thìn
Tân Tỵ
Nhâm Ngọ
Quý Mùi
Giáp Thân
Ất Dậu
Bính Tuất
Đinh Hợi
Mậu Tý
Kỷ Sửu
Canh Dần
Tân Mẹo
Nhâm Thìn
Quý Tỵ
Giáp Ngọ
Ất Mùi
Bính Thân
Đinh Dậu
Mậu Tuất
Kỷ Hợi
Canh Tý
Tân Sửu
Nhâm Dần
Quý Mẹo
Giáp Thìn
Ất Tỵ
Bính Ngọ
Đinh Mùi
Mậu Thân
Kỷ Dậu
Canh Tuất
Tân Hợi
Nhâm Tý
Quý Sửu
Giáp Dần
Ất Mẹo
Bính Thìn
Đinh Tỵ
Mậu Ngọ
Kỷ Mùi
Canh Thân
Tân Dậu
Nhâm Tuất
Quý Hợi
Giáp Tý
Ất Sửu
Bính Dần
Đinh Mẹo
Mậu Thìn
Kỷ Tỵ
Canh Ngọ
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)
(Ram)
(Monkey)
(Rooster)
(Dog)
(Boar)
(Rat)
(Ox)
(Tiger)
(Rabbit)
(Dragon)
(Snake)
(Horse)

Chinese Lunar Calendar: The Twenty-Four Solar Terms (Tiết Khí)

The Chinese calendar marks the year with 24 days (called Solar Terms, or Tiết Khí, 節氣) that are used to indicate the alternation of the seasons and climate changes. Tiết Khí played an important role in ancient China's farming activities and animal husbandry.

Since the earth revolves around the sun 360° per year, and since there are 24 solar terms each year, each Tiết Khí is spaced exactly 15° apart along the ecliptic. Since the earth's path around the sun is not a circle but an ellipse, and since its speed is not exactly the same everywhere around that path, each Tiết Khí is not exactly 15 days apart but about 14-16 days apart.

Since all calculations are based on longitude 120° east and latitude 35° north, the exact timing of Tiết Khí may fall on anytime during the day. To standardize the timing, all Tiết Khí begin on the midnight of the corresponding Tiết Khí.

Tiết Khí 1 is Lập Xuân (立春, Beginning of Spring), falls around February 4.

Here is the list.

01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
315°
330°
345°
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
75°
90°
105°
120°
135°
150°
165°
180°
195°
210°
225°
240°
255°
270°
285°
300°
Lập Xuân
Vũ Thủy
Kinh Trập
Xuân Phân
Thanh Minh
Cốc Vũ
Lập Hạ
Tiểu Mãn
Mang Chủng
Hạ Chí
Tiểu Thử
Đại Thử
Lập Thu
Xử Thử
Bạch Lộ
Thu Phân
Hàn Lộ
Sương Giáng
Lập Đông
Tiểu Tuyết
Đại Tuyết
Đông Chí
Tiểu Hàn
Đại Hàn
立春
雨水
驚蟄
春分
清明
穀雨
立夏
小滿
芒種
夏至
小暑
大暑
立秋
處暑
白露
秋分
寒露
霜降
立冬
小雪
大雪
冬至
小寒
大寒
Beginning of Spring
Rain Water
Waking of Insects
Spring Equinox
Pure Brightness
Grain Rain
Beginning of Summer
Grain Full
Grain in Ear
Summer Solstice
Slight Heat
Great Heat
Beginning of Autumn
Limit of Heat
White Dew
Autumnal Equinox
Cold Dew
Frost's descent
Beginning of Winter
Slight Snow
Great Snow
Winter Solstice
Slight Cold
Great Cold
4-Feb
19-Feb
5-Mar
12-Mar
5-Apr
20-Apr
6-May
21-May
6-Jun
21-Jun
7-Jul
23-Jul
7-Aug
23-Aug
8-Sep
23-Sep
8-Oct
23-Oct
7-Nov
22-Nov
7-Dec
22-Dec
6-Jan
21-Jan

Wednesday, December 9, 2009

Vietnamese Poetry: Characteristics, Forms, and Rules

Overview:

There are seven important characteristics in a Vietnamese poem:  âm, thanh, vần, điệu, nhịp, đối, niêm (sound, accent, rhyme, rhythm, beat, contrast, and match).

There are many forms of Vietnamese poetry.  The four most important ones are

* Thất ngôn tứ cú (7 x 4, 4 verses of 7 words each):
"Nam Quốc Sơn Hà" by Lý Thường Kiệt:
Nam quốc sơn hà nam đế cư
Tiệt nhiên định phận tại thiên thư
Như hà nghịch lỗ lai xâm phạm
Nhữ đẳng hành khan thủ bại hư

* Thất ngôn bát cú (7 x 4 x 2, 8 verses of 7 words each):
"Lên Chơi Đông Sơn Tự" by Hồ Xuân Hương:
Đông Sơn cảnh chiếm một hồ riêng
Uyên báu bay về, khói pháp chen
Đá núi điểm đầu, mưa phất xuống
Ngàn hoa nở rộ, gió tung lên
Đế Bà hương hỏa thơm bên xóm
Trịnh Chúa xe qua vết cũ còn
Cứu độ bè từ qua bể khổ
Chim âu ngủ đứng bến ngư thôn

* Lục bát (6 / 8, a 6-word verse followed by an 8-word verse):
From "Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh" by Nguyễn Du:
Trăm năm trong cõi người ta,
Chữ tài chữ mệnh khéo là ghét nhau.
Trải qua một cuộc bể dâu,
Những điều trông thấy mà đau đớn lòng.
Lạ gì bỉ sắc tư phong,
Trời xanh quen thói má hồng đánh ghen.

* Song thất lục bát (7 / 7 / 6 / 8, 2 verses of 7-word each, followed by a 6 / 8):
From "Chinh Phụ Ngâm Khúc" by Đặng Trần Côn, Nôm version by Đoàn Thị Điểm:
Thuở trời đất nổi cơn gió bụi 
Khách má hồng nhiều nỗi truân chuyên 
Xanh kia thăm thẳm tầng trên
Vì ai gây dựng cho nên nỗi này 


The Characteristics:

1) Âm (Sound):  In Vietnamese, âm is created by the group of vowels [optionally] followed by the consonants.  For example, the sound in "hương" is created by the group "ương".  There are simple sounds (âm đơn), like là, mà.  And there are composite sounds (âm kép), like xuyên, nguyên.  Âm helps with the rhyming of the poem.

2) Thanh (Accent):  Thanh is created by the fluctuation in the pronunciation. For example, "lạ" has the nặng accent.

Poetically, the Vietnamese accents are divided into two groups:  Bằng and Trắc.  Bằng accents have either no accent or huyền (`).  Trắc accents are the remaining:  sắc ('), nặng (.), hỏi (?), and ngã (~).

For example,
Nam quốc sơn hà nam đế cư
Tiệt nhiên định phận tại thiên thư
Như hà nghịch lỗ lai xâm phạm
Nhữ đẳng hành khan thủ bại hư
if 'B' stands for Bằng and 'T' stands for Trắc, then we have:
B T B B B T B
T B T T T B B
B B T T B B T
T T B B T T B

The second syllable of the first verse is the most important:  it sets the tone for the whole poem, either thanh Bằng or thanh Trắc.  Thanh Bằng poems tend to sound softer, more melodic, while thanh Trắc poems tend to sound stronger, more action-packed.

For example, a thanh Bằng poem:
Thân em vừa trắng, lại vừa tròn, 
Bảy nổi ba chìm với nước non. 
Lớn nhỏ mặc dù tay kẻ nặn, 
Mà em vẫn giữ tấm lòng son.

A thanh Trắc poem:
Ghé mắt trông ngang thấy bảng treo, 
Kìa đền Thái Thú đứng cheo leo. 
Ví đây đổi phận làm trai được, 
Sự nghiệp anh hùng há bấy nhiêu.

3) Vần (Rhyme):  Combining âm and thanh together, we have the rhyming of the poem.  The rhyming is created by the last syllable in the verse.

Perfect rhyming (vần chính) is when we have both the same âm and the same thanh.  For example,
Quanh năm buôn bán ở mom sông
Nuôi đủ năm con với một chồng
Lặn lội thân cò khi quãng vắng
Eo sèo mặt nước buổi đò đông

"Poor" rhyming (vần thông) is when we have the same thanh but only similar âm.  For example,
Chàng với thiếp đêm khuya trằn trọc,
Đốt đèn lên đánh cuộc cờ người.
Hẹn rằng đấu trí mà chơi,
Cấm ngoại thuỷ không ai được biết.
Nào tướng sĩ dàn ra cho hết,
Để đôi ta quyết liệt một phen.
Quân thiếp trắng, quân chàng đen,
Hai quân ấy chơi nhau đà đã lửa.

4-5) Điệu & Nhịp (Rhythm & Beat):

The rhythm of the poem is its flow when read;  it's like a melody.

The beat depends on the form, the context, and the wording;  this is similar to the effect of a comma and a semi-colon in a prose:  they create slight pauses when the prose is read.

For form thất ngôn tứ cú and form thất ngôn bát cú, the beat (nhịp) is almost always 4/3:  ('-' is a slight pause)
Em có mai xanh (-) có yếm vàng,
Ba quân khiêng kiệu (-) kiệu nghêng ngang.
Xin theo ông Khổng (-) về Ðông Lỗ,
Học thói Bàn Canh (-) nấu chín Thang.
or
Thắp ngọn đèn lên (-) thấy trắng phau,
Con cò mấp máy (-) suốt đêm thâu.
Hai chân đạp xuống (-) năng năng nhắc,
Một suốt đâm ngang (-) thích thích mau.
Rộng hẹp nhỏ to (-) vừa vặn cả.
Ngắn dài khuôn khổ (-) cũng như nhau.
Cô nào muốn tốt (-) ngâm cho kỹ,
Chờ đến ba thu (-) mới dãi mầu.

For form song thất lục bát, the beat (nhịp) for the first two verses is almost always 3/4:
Trống Trường Thành (-) lung lay bóng nguyệt
Khói Cam Tuyền (-) mờ mịt thức mây
Chín tầng gươm báu trao tay
Nửa đêm truyền hịch (-) định ngày xuất chinh

For form lục bát, the beat is diverse, depending on the context and the wording.

Nhịp (2/2/2 - 2/2/2/2):
Trời mưa (-) ướt bụi (-) ướt bờ (-)
Ướt cây (-) ướt lá (--) ai ngờ (-) ướt em (--)

Nhịp (2/4 - 2/2/2/2):
Yêu mình (-) chẳng lấy được mình (--)
Tựa mai (-) mai ngã (--) tựa đình (-) đình xiêu (--)

Nhịp (2/4 - 4/4):
Đố ai (-) quét sạch lá rừng (--)
Để ta khuyên gió (--) gió đừng rung cây (--)

Nhịp (2/4 - 2/4/2):
Hỡi cô (-) tát nước bên đàng (--)
Sao cô (-) múc ánh trăng vàng (--) đổ đi (--)

Nhịp (4/2 - 2/4/2):
Trách người quân tử (-) bạc tình (--)
Chơi hoa (--) rồi lại bẻ cành (--) bán rao (--)

6) Đối (Contrast):  This applies mostly to the form thất ngôn bát cú, in which there are 8 verses:
Verses 3 and 4 must contrast.
Verses 5 and 6 must contrast.

"Contrast" can be contrast in meaning or contrast in sound.

For example, in "Qua Đèo Ngang" by Bà Huyện Thanh Quan:
Lom khom dưới núi tiều vài chú
Lác đác bên sông chợ mấy nhà

"Lom khom" contrasts with "Lác đác" in sound.  "Dưới" contrasts with "bên" in meaning.  "Núi" contrasts with "sông" in meaning.  "Vài" contrasts with "mấy" in meaning.

7) Niêm (Match):  This applies mostly to the form thất ngôn bát cú, in which there are 8 verses:
Verses 1 and 8 must match.
Verses 2 and 3 must match.
Verses 4 and 5 must match.
Verses 6 and 7 must match.
In each verse, the second (the most important) and sixth syllables must match.

"Match" means matching in thanh Bằng and thanh Trắc.

For example, in "Thiếu nữ ngủ ngày" by Hồ Xuân Hương:
Mùa hè hây hẩy gió nồm đông,
Thiếu nữ nằm chơi quá giấc nồng.
Lược trúc chải cài trên mái tóc,
Yếm đào trễ xuống dưới nương long.
Đôi gò Bồng đảo sương còn ngậm,
Một lạch Đào nguyên nước chửa thông.
Quân tử dùng dằng đi chẳng dứt,
Đi thì cũng dở, ở không xong.

Judged by the second and sixth syllables of each verse, it can be written:
B B
T T
T T
B B
B B
T T
T T
B B
So verses 1 & 8 match;  2 & 3 match;  4 & 5 match;  6 & 7 match.  The 2nd and 6th syllables of each verse match.


The Forms and the Rules (Thể & Luật):

There are many forms (thể) of Vietnamese poetry.  We will only look at the four most important ones and their rules (luật).

* Lục bát (6 / 8, a 6-word verse followed by an 8-word verse):

For this form, the rule is
B B T T B B
B B T T B B T B

For example:
Ông trời nổi lửa đằng đông
Bà sân vấn chiếc khăn hồng đẹp thay

However, the 1st, 3rd, and 5th syllables are not as important, therefore they don't have to follow the rule.

For example, "Áo Bông Che Ðầu" by Trần Tế Xương:
Hỏi ai, ai đó thương không ?
Ðêm mưa một mãnh áo bông che đầu
Vì ai, ai có biết đâu ?
Áo bông ai ướt, khăn đầu ai khô !
Người đi Tam Ðảo, Ngũ Hồ,
Kẻ về khóc trúc Thương Ngô một mình
Non non, nước nước, tình tình,
Vì ai ngơ ngẩn cho mình ngẩn ngơ !

* Song thất lục bát (7 / 7 / 6 / 8, 2 verses of 7-word each, followed by a 6 / 8):

For this form, the rule is
- - B - B - T
- - B - T - B
- B - T - B
- B - T - B - B
('-' means not important, can be any thanh.)

For example:
Nước thanh bình ba trăm năm cũ
Áo nhung trao quan vũ từ đây
Sứ trời sớm giục đường mây
Phép công là trọng, niềm tây sá nào

The third syllable in the first verse is not important, can be thanh Bằng but can also be thanh Trắc.

* Thất ngôn tứ cú (7 x 4, 4 verses of 7 words each):

For this form, the rules are:
1) the last syllable of verses 1, 2, and 4 must be thanh Bằng
2) the last syllable of verse 3 must be thanh Trắc
3) the 2nd and 6th syllables must match in thanh
4) the 4th syllable must contrast in thanh to the 2nd and 6th syllables

So, for thanh Bằng poems:
- B - T - B B
- T - B - T B
- T - B - T T
- B - T - B B

For example, "Quả Mít" by Hồ Xuân Hương:
Thân em như quả mít trên cây
Da nó xù xì, múi nó dầy
Quân tử có thương thì đóng cọc
Xin đừng mân mó, nhựa ra tay

For thanh Trắc poems:
- T - B - T B
- B - T - B B
- B - T - B T
- T - B - T B

For example, "Bọn đồ dốt" by Hồ Xuân Hương:
Dắt díu nhau lên đến cửa chiền
Cũng đòi học nói, nói không nên
Ai về nhắn bảo phường lòi tói
Muốn sống, đem vôi quét trả đền

* Thất ngôn bát cú (7 x 4 x 2, 8 verses of 7 words each):

This is the most difficult, and most elegant, form of Vietnamese poetry, if done properly.  The rules are strict (if follow the Tang rules, "Đường Luật").  Not only the accents must match, but the verses must contrast and must match, and there are rules regarding opening, developing, and ending.

There are four parts to this poem:
1) Opening (Đề):  verses 1 & 2
2) Explanation (Thực):  verses 3 & 4
3) Elaboration (Luận):  verses 5 & 6
4) Ending (Kết):  verses 7 and 8

Verses 3 and 4 must contrast.
Verses 5 and 6 must contrast.
Verses 1 and 8 must match.
Verses 2 and 3 must match.
Verses 4 and 5 must match.
Verses 6 and 7 must match.

For thanh Bằng poems, the accents are:
- B - T - B B
- T - B - T B
- T - B - T T
- B - T - B B
- B - T - B T
- T - B - T B
- T - B - T T
- B - T - B B

"Thương Vợ" by Trần Tế Xương is an example of a poem that follows all the rules perfectly:
Quanh năm buôn bán ở mom sông
Nuôi đủ năm con với một chồng.
Lặn lội thân cò khi quãng vắng
Eo xèo mặt nước buổi đò đông.
Một duyên hai nợ, âu đành phận
Năm nắng mười mưa, dám quản công
Cha mẹ thói đời ăn ở bạc!
Có chồng hờ hững cũng như không!

For thanh Trắc poems, the accents are:
- T - B - T B
- B - T - B B
- B - T - B T
- T - B - T B
- T - B - T T
- B - T - B B
- B - T - B T
- T - B - T B

"Đi Thi" by Trần Tế Xương is another example of a poem that follows all the rules perfectly:
Tấp tễnh người đi tớ cũng đi,
Cũng lều cũng chõng cũng vào thi.
Tiễn chân, Cô mất hai đồng chẵn,
Sờ bụng, thầy không một chữ gì !
Lộc nước còn mong thêm giải ngạch
Phúc nhà nay được sạch trương qui.
Ba kỳ trọn vẹn thêm kỳ nữa,
ú ớ u ơ ngọn bút chì.

Sunday, December 6, 2009

The Evolution of the Vietnamese Language

The Spoken Language:

Due to its unique geographical location, and due to its years of interaction with foreign occupation, the Vietnamese spoken language has seen many influences and changes.

The native Vietnamese spoken language is often called Nôm. (There is also a writing system, based on Hán-Tự (classical Chinese), called Nôm.) Nôm the spoken language can be written in either Hán-Tự, or in the written language Nôm, or in a Romanized script called Quốc-Ngữ. (This is similar to the way a Japanese sound could be written: "Honda" is a Romaji (Latin) version of a Japanese word that can also be written in Hán or Kana.)

Years of Chinese occupation brought about a large subset of the spoken language called Hán-Việt, which is Vietnamese pronunciation (non-native pronunciation) of Hán characters. (Remember, Hán-Việt is a spoken language, a way to pronounce Hán; it can be written in either Hán-Tự or Quốc-Ngữ.) The Hán-Việt sounds are similar in tonality to the Cantonese spoken language (to the north). For example, the Hán word "吃" ("eat") has a Cantonese pronunciation of "sực" that is similar to the Hán-Việt pronunciation of "thực". The corresponding Nôm pronunciation is "ăn". Vocabulary-wise, about 60-70% the Vietnamese vocabulary has its root in the Chinese language. Since it is a way to pronounce Hán, Hán-Việt has a one-to-one correspondence to Hán vocabulary. For example, the Hán word "日" ("Day") corresponds to the Hán-Việt pronunciation of "Nhật" which is pronounced "Ngày" in native Vietnamese.

Besides its similarity to the Cantonese spoken language to the north, the southern Vietnamese accent is similar in tonality to the Cambodian and Thai spoken languages to the west.

Years of French occupation also introduced many French nouns, like "cà-phê" ("cafe"). American influence introduced words like "xưng gum" ("chewing gum").


The Written Language:

There are three versions of the Vietnamese written language: Hán (Chinese), Nôm, and Quốc-Ngữ.

The Vietnamese Written Language
"My mother usually eats vegetarian at the temple every Sunday."
The characters in green are Hán-Tự.
The characters in orange are Nôm.
The words in blue are Quốc-Ngữ.

1) Hán-Tự (Classical Chinese): Up to the late 19th century, all court documents and official transactions were written in Hán-Tự. For many centuries, a large portion of the Vietnamese spoken language was Hán-Việt which was written in Hán-Tự. Each Hán character would have a Hán-Việt pronunciation and a Nôm pronunciation. For example, the Hán word "本" ("root", "principle") can be pronounced as either "bản" in Hán-Việt or "vốn" in Nôm. For the Vietnamese people, only the privileged few were able to learn and master this difficult written language.

2) Nôm: As the Vietnamese spoken language evolved, a new system of writing was invented around the 8th century, called Nôm, which was based on Hán characters, which looked like Hán characters, but did not belong to the Hán vocabulary. (It is much like the way the Japanese Kana and the Korean Hanja were developed, based on Hán-Tự.) (For example, in the Figure above, the Nôm word for "mother" has the native Vietnamese pronunciation of "mẹ"; it looks like a Hán character but does not belong to the Hán vocabulary, ie, a Chinese reader would not understand that word.) This new writing system was not used in official documents but in popular literature, most notably by Nguyễn Trãi in the 15th century, and by Nguyễn Du and Hồ Xuân Hương in the 18th century. In 1867, Nguyễn Trường Tộ proposed a system of Nôm called Quốc âm Hán tự ("Han characters with national pronunciation") along with the abolition of Hán as the court language, but the new system was rejected by Emperor Tự Đức. Like Hán-Tự, Nôm was difficult to learn and to master.

3) Quốc-Ngữ: In the 17th century, Christian missionaries and European traders came to Viet-Nam. A Romanized version of the written language (later called "Quốc-Ngữ", which is Hán-Việt for "the national language") was invented to facilitate trade and Christian conversion. (Father Alexandre de Rhodes, a French-Portuguese Jesuit missionary, wrote the first Portuguese-Latin-Vietnamese dictionary which was eventually used by scholars to create this new Romanized writing system.) Quốc-Ngữ, based on the Latin alphabet, is basically a phonetic script, with almost no exception to the established rules of pronunciation. (The only known exception is the pronunciation of the word "Quốc" itself.) It has been said that, if one already knows how to speak Vietnamese, one can learn to read Quốc-Ngữ in two weeks or shorter; that's the length of time of an adult education class to teach illiterate Vietnamese adults (who already know how to speak Vietnamese) to read. Many Vietnamese then were able to learn and to master this written language. Today, Vietnamese people are among the most literate in the world, with the literacy rate of over 80%, rivaling many Western countries'.

In the late 19th century, when France colonized Viet-Nam, Hán-Tự was abolished as the official writing language. At the beginning of the 20th century, the use of Nôm declined quickly as Quốc-Ngữ became widely used. Toward the late 20th century, Nôm almost died away, with only a few scholars being able to read and write Nôm; that meant many notable works of literature that were written in Nôm would have been "lost." With recent development of computer software, however, one can again write Nôm by inputting the Quốc-Ngữ equivalence.

Saturday, December 5, 2009

Vietnamese Family Names / Surnames

The family name, positioned first, is passed on by the father to his children (patronymic naming system).  It is estimated that there are around one hundred family names in common use, although some are far more common than others.  The name Nguyễn is estimated to be used by almost 40% of the Vietnamese population.  The top three names are so popular because people tended to take the family name of kings, to show their favor and loyalty.  Over many generations, the family names became permanent.


The most popular family names among the Vietnamese are (the Chinese characters following each name are their Chinese equivalents):

Nguyễn 阮 (38.4%)
Trần 陳 (11%)
Lê 黎 (9.5%)
Phạm 范 (7.1%)
Huỳnh/Hoàng 黃 (5.1%)
Phan 潘 (4.5%)
Vũ/Võ 武 (3.9%)
Đặng 鄧(2.1%)
Bùi 裴 (2%)
Đỗ 杜 (1.4%)
Hồ 胡 (1.3%)
Ngô 吳 (1.3%)
Dương 楊 (1%)
Lý 李 (0.5%)


The following include some other less common surnames, in no particular order:

Lâm 林
Đinh: 丁
Nghiêm: 嚴
Đào: 陶
Vương: 王
Trịnh: 鄭 (almost exclusively a northern surname, based around Thanh Hóa)
Phùng: 馮
Chung: 鍾
Triệu: 趙
Đoàn: 段
Hà: 何
Trương: 張
Tôn: 孫
Liễu (in northern or central regions): 柳
Lưu (in central or southern regions): 劉
Mai: 梅
La: 羅
Văn: 文
Tạ: 謝
Lương: 梁
Kim: 金
Thạch: 石
Lạc: 駱
Thủy:水


In Vietnamese cultural practice, women almost always keep their family names once they marry, just as in other East Asian cultures.

Some Vietnamese have a dual family name. Usually it is a combination of the father's family name and the mother's family name.  For example, "Nguyễn Phạm", "Nguyễn Lê".